John the Baptist Portrayed in Art

Saint John The Baptist There are countless portrayals of John the Baptist and the representation of his relationship to Jesus and to the Church. John has been one of the saints most frequently appearing in Christian art. The Baptism of Christ was one of the earliest scenes from the life of Christ to be frequently depicted in Early Christian art. John's tall, thin, and bearded figure is already established and recognizable by the 5th century. In the Gospel of Luke, we are first introduced to him when Mary goes to tell her cousin, Elizabeth, the news of her pregnancy.Elizabeth, already six month’s pregnant, felt the unborn child â€Å"jump for joy† in her womb. According to the Gospels, John declared, â€Å"I am the voice of one crying in the wilderness, ‘Make straight the way of the Lord. ’† Christians interpret this to mean that John was sent to prepare for the coming of the Messiah. John does just this, when he is the one who recognizes Jesus as the Messiah and baptizes him. The baptism marks the beginning of Jesus' ministry. Because this was said to be the beginning, John is know as John the Baptist and John the Forerunner.We will describe the appearance of John the Baptist further in our analysis and how this depicts his life hundreds of years later. The first work, titled â€Å"John the Forerunner† was done by an unknown iconographer in the typical Orthodox style during the 11th Century. It follows the prototypes established for John the Baptist within the Eastern tradition. In fact, the orthodox often refer to John as the Forerunner, as you see in this piece, because as stated before, he led the way for Christ’s arrival. As most orthodox works are, John is very still and lacking emotion, and there is no emphasis on three dimensionality.The mosaic relies heavily on symbolism instead, by portraying John with a scroll in his left hand and a gesture pointing up to Jesus Christ with his right hand. The iconic imag ery of the scroll symbolizes John’s importance and holiness as a preacher of God. The scroll reads â€Å"ECCE AGNUS DEI, QUI TOLLIT PECCATA MUNDI†, or â€Å"Behold, the lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world,† marking John’s prediction of the Messiah’s approach. Typically, we see John dressed in his camel tunic, but here, we see the specifics of his clothing may vary. John the Baptist is also depicted with a halo, emphasizing his ainthood and his major contribution to the life and mission of Christ. In Donatello’s bronze statue of Saint John the Baptist, we see his tunic made of camel hair, along with the iconographic imagery of his raised right arm and his symbolic staff and scroll in his let arm. Although the imagery is still present, Donatello gives St. John emotions with the expression of pain or grief on his face. The adding of emotion was a fairly common trait of the Florentine High Renaissance period, and it also signifies a slight shift in representation compared to our previous Orthodox work.For quite some time, there was debate over the completion date of the sculpture. In 1973, the restoration of the piece revealed a signature and date of 1438. The date confirms that Donatello carved the sculpture in Florence for the Venetian confraternity of the Florentines. The Renaissance was a time of innovation within religious art. We start to see it with Donatello’s work, but it is strikingly clear in Jacopo del Sellaio’s circa 1480 version of St. John. Sellaio abandons the iconic scroll, traditional clothing, and even John’s gesture made toward the heavens.Instead, Sellaio shows us a youthful John the Baptist, wearing bright, impressive colors. Included is a small bowl, placed at John’s feet to symbolize the baptism of Christ. Other than that, most of the religious symbolism has transferred to political symbolism, evident in the detail of the landscape. In the distance, we see th e Palazzo Vecchio, Brunelleschi’s dome cathedral and the campanile designed by Giotto. Therefore, this work would have appealed to the Church and the people of Florence by combining a sense of religious, social, and political pride, which was also not uncommon during the Renaissance in Florence.The Sermon of Saint John the Baptist, by Pieter Bruegel, was done in the elaborately detailed Baroque style during the Reformation Period of Northern Europe. In the painting dated 1566, and done with oil on wood, we recognize a village preacher at one of the countless religious congregations that took place during the Reformation. The preacher is identified as John the Baptist, as he is in his traditional camel cloak. St. John is almost lost in the heart of the picture, leaving the colorful, unorganized crowd to be the principal subject of the painting.We must search for the meaning of the painting by looking closely; scanning to see what story the painter intended to tell. John the Ba ptist therefore is not in the traditional iconic format here. The size, detail, and landscape seem to be more of the focus, which is a quality of Baroque Reformation art. This change in focus served as a statement for the Protestants, insinuating that the salvation of humankind lies within the individual’s faith alone, not solely with the canons of the Catholic Church. Our group looked at this painting and immediately noticed the â€Å"light at the end of the tunnel†, or how the path forward, is lit up so brightly.John the Baptist is almost preaching and pointing the way from the dark to the light, from wrong to right, towards the path of Christ. This painting is now on display in the Museum of Fine Arts in Budapest. Dutch artist, Bartholomeus Breenbergh, completed his version of The Preaching of John the Baptist circa 1634, which is again in the Baroque Reformation period. Breenbergh does represent John the Baptist traditionally for the most part, keeping his right ha nd pointed to the sky and his left hand holding a staff. On the contrary though, the attention to individuality and landscape still presents itself, much like Bruegel’s work.The crowd around John the Baptist seems to be preoccupied and somewhat inattentive, further symbolizing the Catholic and Protestant split. John the Baptist may be talking of the Saviors arrival, and has scared those who do not or refuse to believe. Breenbergh’s piece can be viewed in person in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York City. Spanish artist, El Greco is credited for his Counter Reformation work in his rendition of St. John the Baptist. The detailed landscape we have discussed previously is still incorporated, however, the focus and iconography are extremely emphasized.Paying tribute to the traditional St. John the Baptist, El Greco removes the confusion of the Reformation style and retains his pose, staff, camel tunic, and lamb. The images we have seen so far have not included the lamb, but in earlier images of St. John the Baptist, the lamb was commonly interchangeable with the scroll or staff. If the scroll or staff were absent from the image, then a book or object with a picture of a lamb on it would be present, in order to keep the iconography of Jesus Christ within the context.We see El Greco taking the initiative and mixing the Catholic Church’s traditional conventions with the Baroque style, which essentially is the definition of Counter Reformation art. Another example of Counter Reformation art during the Baroque period can be seen in Mattia Preti’s Saint John the Baptist Preaching. Similar to El Greco’s work, the symbolism and iconography is much more in-depth compared to the Reformation art in the north. The Counter Reformation style resorts back to the heavy emphasis on symbolism in art, a quality that seemed to fade during the Renaissance.This return to symbolism served as the Catholic Church’s statement on the importa nce of tradition and its restoration after the Protestant Reformation. John the Baptist looks almost exhausted, assumed from preaching, as the background shows the sun setting after a long day. The lamb is also laying down, looking towards where John is pointing to the coming of Jesus. In Philippe de Champaigne’s 1657 version of John the Baptist, we are able to see him up close and large in size in comparison to other portrayals as well as to the background of this painting in general. De Champaigne has St.John looking out, assuming that he does not yet have your attention. His glare seems to take you in and point you in the direction of an approaching figure. As the Forerunner, Jesus’ precursor, John the Baptist is announcing the coming of the Messiah with the staff and scroll announcing â€Å"Behold the Lamb of God, that taketh away the sins of the world. † John the Baptist is about to hand over his reign as preacher to the greater one who is on His way. This painting almost transcends time, John is not just pointing us back to the past, but to how Jesus’ mission is still in the future.The picture shows Jesus as someone we haven't met, haven't heard of, and can barely see yet. It is showing its viewer the coming of Jesus then and as He will come again, as the scripture tells us. The life-size marble statue of St. John the Baptist, by Giuseppe Obici, shows that during the 19th century, the Catholic Church was still holding strong to its iconic representation of St. John the Baptist. By this point, the traditional conventions displayed in this sculpture should be obvious, furthering the importance of iconography in art, at least by the Catholic Church’s standards.Just twenty-two years after Obici’s ever-symbolic John the Baptist, French sculptor Auguste Rodin breaks the mold of the Church’s iconographic representation. In Rodin’s version, St. John is stripped of his normal tunic and left nude, a feature t hat would not have been popular amongst the ideals of the Roman Catholic Church in the 19th century. The religious symbolism is also removed from this work. The lamb representing his holiness as a preacher is left out, and although it appears St. John’s gesture towards heaven remains, this convention is left out also.Sources say that the statue was originally holding a cross in his right hand, but was soon removed to take away any narrative context for the figure. Without the cross, there aren’t any religious connotations involved with this piece, other than its title. Some may consider this to be a sign of the Church’s declining influence on art and a beginning to the contemporary age of the 20th century. Moving on to Modern art, the work done last year by a young English artist, Lara French, entitled â€Å"John the Baptist† after its inspiration, the medieval work on the right.This abstracted piece of modern art removes itself even further from the orig inal icon of John the Baptist, maybe as far as physically and symbolically possible. We speculated and talked as a group about any possible connections between the two, and came up with very few. We therefore look forward to hearing what our classmates have to say and to see if they find any features that we missed. In conclusion, we have looked at works ranging from the 11th century to today. The early Orthodox works appear highly iconographic and unconcerned with anything else.The Renaissance introduced to the world new ways to look at religious art. This was mainly due to the growing power and pride of Popes, aristocratic families, and the politics of Florence at the time. The Church lost some of this power during the Reformation, in which the Protestants used art to make statements about their beliefs. In reaction, the Catholic Church did the same by restoring their tradition and iconography in their art. Finally, as the need for patrons declined and the presence of artistic fre edom increased, iconography in art is now generally decided by artists themselves.

Play Review Example: To Kill a Mockingbird Essay

For the play critique assignment, I saw To Kill a Mockingbird on October seventh. The play was performed at the Second Space Theatre and was produced by the Good Company Players with The Dramatic Publishing Company. I have read the book which the play was based on, so I was exposed to the story line prior to having seen the play. Based on my knowledge of the text by Harper Lee, I was able to distinguish distinct differences between the book and the play, which I feel affected my reaction to the script. For example, the script left out when Scout and Jem Finch, and Dill were snooping around the Radley house and had to flee the yard through a break in the fence, when Nathan Radley came outside to investigate the noise they were making. This caused Jem’s pants to get caught, forcing him to take them off and return to retrieve them later that night. I feel leaving this out lessens the impact of Nathan’s character, which already has such a small part in the story. Nathan’s character is lessened because leaving this out causes his menacing demeanor to be portrayed as rude in his other scenes. Also, this adaptation of the play did not include when Miss Maudie’s house caught on fire and Boo Radley comes out for the first time to wrap a blanket around Scout and Jem, without anyone noticing. This choice places less of an impact and underlying focus on Boo’s role, which may have left some viewers confused as to why he was so mysterious throughout the play and suddenly a key character in the end. However, I did enjoy the fact that the script stayed true to the text in the lines of Older Scout, as well as the emphasis they put on the lightheartedness of Dill. Based on the stage performance I viewed on October 7, 2012, I believe most of the actors did very well. For example, Scout, played by Bailey Short, Jem, played by Colin Clark-Bracewell, and Dill, played by Marty Margolin, were excellent, especially considering their young age. All three were very professional in all aspects of their performance, as proven by the fact they stayed completely in character and didn’t skip a beat when an audience member’s phone screeched out several loud rings, during their opening lines. In the beginning of the play, when aspects of the exposition were being introduced, Scout appeared on stage, and in her first line you could tell she was a bit nervous. As the play progressed though, she became more comfortable and it was clear she was enjoying herself. Chris Carsten, who played Atticus Finch, did an amazing job on portraying the role of Scout and Jem’s father. He truly became Atticus and made it easier for the rest of the cast to play off of each other’s emotions. For example, when Walter Cunningham, played by Mark McKeon, gives Atticus a sack of food as payment for his entailment and Atticus assures him that he has paid him plenty. Walter Cunningham is a man of limited means, seeing as he is a struggling farmer, and has paid in other ways besides money; he had left food or firewood at Atticus’ door many times and Atticus reassures him, in a polite, non condescending tone, that his debt has been paid off. Immediately, this eases Mr. Cunningham’s sense of guilt and obligation, which can be seen through his facial expressions. Everyone’s southern accents were uncannily authentic. However, I did not think Alexis Powell, Mrs. Robinson, and Colby Priest, the Robinson’s son, did very well. Their performance was not realistic. Though they had very little lines, their acting seemed a bit forced and maybe even amateurish. For example, when they were supposed to be grieving the loss of Mr. Robinson their expressions did not convey the emotion of sadness. I thought the play was directed quite well. Considering the small stage the actors had to work with, they truly took advantage of every inch of it. As reflected by the performance, the director, Karan Johnson, drilled into the actors the importance of stage use. The cast definitely utilized the small area by engaging with the audience. They got up close and personal by standing very close to the first row of seats, in almost every scene. The blocking instructions from the director made the performance true to the script. It was relaxed, which fit the play considering it took place in Maycomb, Alabama. For example, the children in the play, as well as the adult men, had their hands in their pockets while speaking to each other, and any other time they were not using them. Every character walked slowly and only ever moved faster when they were running, like during the scene where Jem is dared by Dill to touch the porch of the Radley house. I particularly enjoyed whenever Scout, Jem, and Dill were up to something sneaky and they would look stage left and stage right in anticipation of being caught. The director chose the cast very well. All of the actors fed off of each other’s’ energy, which added to the entire performance. The cast genuinely appeared to be having fun and loved what they were doing. It was like they were a family. On the other hand, I do think the parts of Mrs. Robinson and the Robinson’s son could have been better cast. Compared to the other cast members, they both seemed awkward and inexperienced, but I respect the fact that they performed to the best of their ability. Because of the small stage, the sets were very limited. The sets were very small and only changed once, when they were doing the courtroom scene. Despite that restriction, they made necessary accommodations and it did not take away from the play. I found the use of lighting very efficient. For example, whenever Jean Louise Finch, the older version of Scout, was speaking in her reflective tone, there was a spotlight on her and the rest of the stage’s lights were dimmed. This added to the dramatic tone of the scene. The use of sound effects, such as when a car was approaching or when a gun was shot, made the play more realistic. All of the costumes stayed true to the time era and the makeup was coordinated with the outfit. The actor’s costumes also reflected their social class. For example, Calpurnia, the Finch’s housekeeper, was dressed in a basic dress and an apron wherever she went while Miss Maudie, the Finch’s neighbor, was attired in a more fancy dress which was always accompanied with a hat. Atticus always wore a suit which showed his professional side and the children were dressed in clothes that were suitable for playing around. During the courtroom scene, all of the white women wore their Sunday best and had a lot of makeup on to signify that it was a special occasion in Maycomb. My overall reaction to the play was a positive one. I was thoroughly entertained and was pleased with the level of performance. I never found myself bored and my thoughts never trailed off to something other than the play. The rest of the audience’s reaction was also positive, with the exception of a couple behind me who found it acceptable to continually whisper throughout the show. Besides them, people were attentive and were entertained with the drama of the play. People laughed at all of the appropriate moments and gasped during the dramatic ones, such as during the scene when Jem and Scout were attacked by Mr. Ewell. After the play, when the audience was leaving the theatre, words of praise were spoken by everyone around me and I feel the cast truly deserved all of the great things that were being said about their performance.

Atomic Bomb

Atomic Bomb Essay By: ozebra E-mail: emailprotected Was Atomic Bomb Essay Necessary? August 6th, 1945, 70,000 lives were ended in a matter of seconds. The United States had dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. Today many argue over whether or not the US should have taken such a drastic measure. Was it entirely necessary that we drop such a devastating weapon? Yes, it was. First, we must look at what was going on at the time the decision was made. The US had been fighting a massive war since 1941. Morale was most likely low, and resources were probably at the same level as morale. However, each side continued to fight, and both were determined to win. Obviously, the best thing that could have possibly happened would have been to bring the war to a quick end, with a minimum of casualties. What would have happened had the A-bomb not been used? The most obvious thing is that the war would have continued. US forces; therefore, would have had to invade the home island of Japan. Imagine the number of casualties that could have occurred if this would have happened! Also, Allied Forces would not only have to fight off the Japanese military, but they would have to defend themselves against the civilians of Japan as well. It was also a fact that the Japanese government had been equipping the commoners with any kind of weapon they could get their hands on. It is true that this could mean a Japanese citizen could have anything from a gun to a spear, but many unsuspecting soldiers might have fallen victim to a surprise spear attack! The number of deaths that would have occurred would have been much greater, and an invasion would have taken a much longer period of time. The Japanese would have continued to fight the US with all of what they had; spears, guns, knives, whatever they could get their hands on, just as long as they continued to fight the enemy. A counter argument for dropping the A bomb is that Japan was so low on resources due to the US blockade and co uld not resist for a long time. Japan obviously was very low on resources, however, Japanese civilians were ready to die with spears in their hands, surely the military would do the same. Besides, the Japanese military did still have some resources to go on. So again I must bring out the fact that Japan could have continued to fight, and they would have. And Im sure anyone can realize what would happen if the war continued; more deaths. It was the atomic bomb that forced Japan to surrender and in turn saved thousands if not millions of lives. I dont believe that Hiroshima and Nagasaki were the best places to bomb, due to the high civilian numbers; however, it is still my belief that the Atomic Bomb was necessary to end the war. Also, leaflets and warnings had been issued to the people of those cities warning them of an attack. Some say that the United States should have warned what kind of attack it would have been. This however seems ridiculous to me. It shouldnt matter what kind of warning is given, a threat under such conditions should be taken seriously. I do not believe the second A-Bomb was necessary, it was dropped merely to show the supreme power of US government and warn USSR under Stalins rule. After the first bomb US government should have waited. The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6th 1945 and the second was dropped on Nagasaki three days later on 9th. READ: Overcoming My Fears Essay The bombs caused a horrible destruction which was never seen before and the radioactive effects have been carried on over generations. I am certain that despite other arguments, the Atomic Bomb was a necessity. Without it, the number of men that would have died on both sides far surpasses that of the number that were killed in the droppings of both Atomic Bombs. Lets face it, the goal of waging war is victory with minimum losses on ones own side, and if possible a minimum amount of losses on the enemys side. .

Is Genetic Engineering the Answer to World Hunger Research Paper

Is Genetic Engineering the Answer to World Hunger - Research Paper Example Some have termed the genetically manipulated crops ‘frankenfoods’ and have questioned the potential harm to people and the environment that could come from their production. This discussion will answer these questions regarding the safety of these foods and present an overview of bioengineered foods. Bioengineering food involves â€Å"splicing a gene from one organism, such as a bacterium, into a plant or animal to confer certain traits† (Muth et al, 2002). These traits, developed for agricultural crops such as corn, soybeans, canola and cotton include increasing nutrients, tolerance to herbicides and drought, resistance to fungus and insects and reduced spoilage. Bioengineered corn and soybeans have become increasingly widespread among farmers during the last decade and the products can be commonly found in most grocery stores. Companies that engineer and produce bioengineered foods as well as manufacturers that choose to use these foods in their ingredients are faced with a stringent and ever-developing regulatory oversight by three government agencies; the USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture), the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Which agency regulates a particular product is determined by the intended use of the crop. The EPA has the responsibility of regulating the sale, use, distribution and testing of all pesticides, even those genetically produced in a crop such as a type of corn which produces toxins that repels insects but is harmless to humans. The EPA also establishes tolerances for pesticide in crops meant for both animal and human ingestion. It does not designate between the two however, either a genetically produced crop is safe for both or neither. The FDA bases its policy concerning bioengineered foods on the conception of ‘substantial equivalence.’ Those bioengineered foods not

Edit the google part and make the conclusion more longer Essay

Edit the google part and make the conclusion more longer - Essay Example Some may argue that they used unorthodox methods in order to get to their status. This is because by innovating new ways of management, they succeeded in doing the unthinkable. Google "asked 45 year olds for their GPAs" (Lashinsky, 2008); Apple tied its proprietary software with its proprietary hardware (Kahney, 2008), and SEMCO eliminated time clocks for employees (Semler, 1989). In this essay, we will study the different methods these companies run, and how it has made them successful. We will also suggest how these same systems can become an eventual detriment. We will give a review of each from articles and will make connections between them. In the article How Apple Got Everything Right by Doing Everything Wrong, a unique and old-fashioned strategy is utilized. This strategy is the main reason Apple is one of the most dominant and successful start-up companies in the market. Steve Jobs is the spokesperson for Apple and is featured as the â€Å"evil genius.† Furthermore, Steve Jobs is not just a public face, but instead, he is the brains behind a vast majority of Apple’s innovative ideas and operations of the company. Apple has expressed great entrepreneurial merits by envisioning the gaps in the market. These gaps represent the difference between what the market needs and Apple’s current product offerings. The company intends to do this without attempting to copy from the existing companies. This includes creating new categories that have become must-have products. Apple has been operating in a highly challenging market where it is constantly exposed to intense competition and close imitation. For this reason, Apple formulated a strict security of the development of their products. Often the team members of Apple were unaware of the outcome of the product design. The product design of Apple is rapidly changing, which creates product obsolescence and interdependence between hardware, software, and internet applications— these are some

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International Marketing Plan for Sephora Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Kill Bill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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Trade Barriers - Essay Example With the fall of imperialism the captains of the industry, working alongside their national governments, evolved a system of reducing tariffs or bringing uniformity in them to trade with their neighbors that offered them better terms with respect to the exchange of goods and services. The aim was economic prosperity through the reduction in costs and higher profits through competitive advantage. This brought about bi-lateral agreements between two nations.  With the expansion of trade between several countries, these agreements involved more countries and this was the birth of Free Trade Areas (FTA). FTA’s are drivers of growth and development.   They make use of country comparative advantages, encourage specialization and division of labor, expand the size of export markets, and promote efficiency and competitive environment within the region.  The oldest FTA was the former European Economic Community (EEC) that was formed by six nations, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy , Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. The intention was to form a designated group of countries that agreed to eliminate tariffs and restrictions on most goods traded between themselves to promote greater economic benefit. When others realized the benefits of this association, they too joined and the EEC expanded and became an economic bloc that negotiated uniformly as one unit with other nations to set quotas and preferences for the benefit of EEC members. It has now expanded to become the European Union (EU) with more things in common besides free trade between its members.  The basic FTA is an agreement between member countries to reduce or eliminate trade barriers and tariffs among them. However, in such cases, the member nation is not bound to have a common external trade policy for non-member countries.  A prime example of this is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) comprising of the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

19th century England Essay Example for Free

19th century England Essay In this essay we will be discussing the life and times of the one and only Charles Dickens. He was an author. A very famous and popular author. Firstly we shall discover the background of Charles Dickens; we shall also discover how powerfully Dickens background affected him as an author and child.  Charles Dickens was born in 1812 and grew up in Portsmouth. His farther was a clerk in the navy pay office. At this time Dickens also worked as a clerk with his farther. But when Dickens turned 12 years old his farther started to have problems, very serious problems, financial problems. The reason for this is that he had quite a large family. In the year of 1824 Dickens whole family was sent to prison and Charles had to give-up all his home life and school because he was sent off to work in a shoe polish workhouse. Dickens was so sad and hurt because of his familys imprisonment, so what he did was write about his early life in novels, but before all of this had happened Dickens family was released from the Marshal Sea prison in 1825. Straight after this his farther sent him to the Wellington house academy (a school). When he had grown up in 1827 he worked as a clerk for a firm of solicitors in Holborn, but he hated the law so he was drawn into journalism. In 1831 Dickens was writing short hand reports of parliamentary debates for the London papers. After this Dickens started life as an author he wrote many novels such as: Bleak house, The old curious shop, Master Humphries clock, and Great Expectations.  But the most popular and famous out of the novels above is probably Great Expectations. The novel Great Expectations begins with the protagonist Pip strolling through the graveyard, in which his mother and farther are buried, what the author is trying to tell the reader is that Pip is an orphan. After this scene Dickens introduces the next character Magwitch. Magwitch is an escaped convict; we know this because in the novel it says, A fearful man, all in coarse gray, with a great iron on his leg. Dickens deliberately creates this type of tension to get the audience interested and to suggest that the fearful man is an escaped convict. When Magwitch appears in front of Pip he starts to threaten the poor little boy. Magwith said to Pip that he would cut his throat and rip his heart out and eat his liver, keep still you little devil, or Ill cut your throatyou bring them both to me or Ill have your heart and liver out. Yet again Dickens deliberately means to do this to create a mood of tension so that the audience feel sympathetic towards Pip but think that Magwitch is a violent, intimidating and aggressive character, the author also makes the audience think that Magwith is a cannibal because of the threat he made to Pip. After this encounter Magwitch asked Pip where is his mother and then Pip replied, There sir. He meant in the graveyard (tombstone). After a while Magwitch realised that Pip was an orphan, so he asked Pip who does he live with, Pip said that he lives with his sister Mrs Joe Gargery. The escaped convict is starving because of his long journey from the Hulk ship (prisoner ship). So Magwitch asked Pip to bring him some food but did this in an unusual way, he bribed him by saying that there is another escaped convict on the loose much worse than he is, Pip agreed to meet Magwitch the next day.  Gradually we discover that Pip thinks that Magwitch is like a ghost haunting him as Magwitch walks toward the Gibbet. At the end of the chapter we discover that both Magwitch and Pip walked off into the distance, but Dickens also makes the audience feel sympathy for Magwitch because of the way he was dragging his feet with the iron piece of metal on it. The author creates another mood of sympathy towards Magwitch when he hugs himself. This identifies that Magwitch is lonely and cold and Dickens leaves the chapter on cliffhanger. He leaves it with Pip, But now I was frightened again, and ran home without stopping. What the reader would want to know next is, when will Magwitch and Pip meet again. In chapter 3 we discover that Magwitch and Pip meet again, but in the first paragraph Dickens creates a sinister atmosphere, It was a rimy morning, and very damp. This explains that Dickens wants to make the audience feel a degree of tension. As the paragraphs go on, we discover that Pip sees another escaped convict that appears to be Magwitch to PipI saw a man sitting before meI went forward and touched him on the shoulderand it was not the same man, but another. What this means is that Magwitch seemed to be telling the truth about the other escaped convict, but was only trying to bribe Pip, so now we realise that there is another convict on the marshes. When Pip had stolen the file and food and running through the marshes he was considered to be as bad as Magwitch because since Pip has such a vivid imagination he imagines that the cows and animals are talking to him, A boy with somebody elses pork pie! Stop him. This shows that Pip has a vivid imagination and is guilty of theft.  When Pip meets Magwitch Dickens creates sympathy towards Magwitch, the right hand man hugging him-self and limping. Magwitch seemed to be very weak and cold, drop down before my face and die of deadly cold. His eyes looked awfully hungry. The author creates this mood of empathy so that the audience begins to think that Magwitch can be weak and pathetic and therefore we are interested to see whether he will survive or not. When Pip gave Magwitch the food, he saw Magwitch eat the food ravenously but there was a bit of a bond between Magwitch and Pip. This bond is that they are both lonely and scared. But all of a sudden Magwitch started to act nicely to Pip, I am glad you enjoyed it did you speak; I said did you enjoy it, thankee my boy. I do. The audience now think that Magwitch is not much of a villain. The other reason why Dickens did this was because he did not like the penal system in those days, he also wanted to show society that prisoners were human too.

How Globalization Affects Culture Media Essay

How Globalization Affects Culture Media Essay Culture is imperceptible influence for the world and it can spread by any way. After the World Wars, the globalization make the developed country and developing country a platform that can share their culture with other country. Couple with globalization, local culture like language, diet, movie, festival and health, it cannot only spread around the world which let culture become heterogeneous and complicated, but also the different cultures fuse with each other, it makes some cultures lose their newness and distinctiveness. Body Globalization affects the language à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Globalization strengthens the communication between the world people, it leads to the language dissemination that not limited to use own language. For China, after the war broken down the increasingly isolationist of foreign policy of the Ming Dynasty. Chinese was compelled to learn the different language from intruder. For example, Shanghai Star (2002) mention that, The first school teaching foreign languages in Shanghai was Guang Fangyan guan, established in 1863. And in 1872, 30 people from Shanghai to the United States began to study abroad. In a short time, they overcame the language barrier and even became some of the best students in their schools. Its a important step to achieve globalization at the history of China. At the moment, neighboring countries of China has influence by Chinese. Japanese language and Chinese language have deep relationship. Kibi no makibi, an overseas student study at Tang Dynasty, utilization of the Chinese charac ters component created Japanese katakana phonetic text. Later, Kukai (dharma), one of overseas students, using Chinese characters Xingshu body creating Japanese kana script hiragana. So, as everyone saw, Japanese include many Chinese character component. Globalization make the language heterogeneous and complicated, however, some smaller language was disappear cause globalization. According to Colls (n.d), In 1992 a prominent US linguist stunned the academic world by predicting that by the year 2100, 90% of the worlds languages would have ceased to exist. With the developed of globalization, people can communicate with the different people around the world. That makes the large language developed, like English, Chinese, French and so on. In some countries, the second language even more used than first language. Alaska Native Language Center (n.d) found, Alaska is home to at least 20 Native languages belonging to four distinct language families. Futhermore, Ostler (2000) mentions, Out of twenty native Alaskan languages, only two are still being learned by children. Of these twenty languages, one disappeared because in 2008, the last person that spoke this language died. These languages, Eskimo-Aleut and Athabascan-Eyak-Tlingit, are big parts of Alaskan culture. In the American language environment, people use English to talk with other people. It led to the disappearance of 20 native languages quickly at Alaska. Ostler (2000) adds that, Many linguists predict that at least half of the worlds 6,000 or so languages will be dead or dying by the year 2050. Languages are becoming extinct at twice the rate of endangered mammals and four times the rate of endangered birds. If this trend continues, the world of the future cou ld be dominated by a dozen or fewer languages. conclution Globalization affects the diet As everyone knows, different foods origin are differents, they were spread to all over the world because globalization. Japanese is a sea island, and its make the seafood, such like fish, shrimp, shellfish that contains nutritions is good for peoples health, is necessary material for their diet. And they keep the nutritional value of seafood by eaten hot or cold , raw or cooked seafood. The unique food is Sushi at Japan. According to Alex Renton (2006), Sushis migration and the process of its globalisation started in the large expat Japanese communities all round the Pacific rim in western and southern America, Australia and Brazil. Now, the Japanese sushi restaurant located around the world. And sometimes, people always saw some simple sushi shop on the street side that more people queue up to buy it. So that the world people can eat delicious and nutritive seafood by globalization. But, ten years ago, sushi is costly for the world people without Japanese. And there just were two o r three Japanese restaurants located. As everyone knows, currys origin is India. But now, curries of Thailand, curries of Japan and curries of China is also famous at the world. In especially, Thailand curry is popular that as Thailands unique food in the world. The Thailand local climate is tropical and characterized by monsoons, it makes the Thai food live on sour, sweet, salty, and bitter. In Thailand food, the most famous is the Thai curry. Its different with India curry. In Indian cooking, ghee a milky clarified butter is a key constituent of their spicy curries. An overview and brief history of Thai food (n.d) adds that, While the Thai people didnt have as much access to or knowledge of dairy products, they successfully substituted coconut milk for this creamy ingredient in their own dishes. So, it become popular around the world. And by globalization make more and more Thai restaurant was set up at many countries. French diet represents polite, rigorous and romantic diet around the world. As everyone knows, French dining atmosphere that have dim lights, candles, soft music, a set table and a nice bottle of wine is the most suitable for lovers. Its not only guide the romantic trend around the world, but also guide a lifestyle. Life elegant, enjoy every minute. To enjoy life of French, becoming the mainstream of the world. And on the other hand, the globalization makes the diet culture spread around the world, but the unhealthy diet also was spread with globalization. In especially, French diet be changed by globalization. According to the Michael, Stefan and Dana (2003) that, The taste for American fast-food products like McDonalds hamburgers and Coca-Cola has long been fashionable. Urbanization is leading to more sedentary lifestyles in French. And more and more, even traditional foods are being prepared from processed flour and other ingredients that yield more calories and less healthy roughage. conclude Globalization affects the festival Each country have own traditional festival. For example, Chinese New Year is the most important festival for Chinese people all over the world. The Spring Festival shows traditional culture festival. The Spring Festival is review and incentives on the peace, friendship and kinship, and is blessings and prayers for future life. And Christmas is the most important religion festival for the western people. And people exchange gifts, send Christmas cards, which are to make Christmas as a celebration time for people. Globalization make these featival spread around the world. World people can enjoy different featival culture. But, with the development of globalization, foreign culture has received more attention than the local culture. In recent years, more and more Chinese young people that make Christmas has become popular increasingly, they was pay close attention more for Christmas than Chinese own festival. It makes Dragon Boat Festival and other Chinese traditional festivals are classified as other countrys heritage. When Christmas coming, Chinese streets will be full of Christmas atmosphere. Roadside trees was decorative by colorful lighting; many businesses will sell Christmas items during Christmas day, like Christmas tree, santa hat. Most of young people will take party or singing song to celebration. On the contrary, young people will stay at home or play with friends like normal day at Spring Festival. quote The young people has not strong sence for the traditional featival, and they are more likely to be novel featival to attract. The traditional festival has traditional rules that making young peopel feel bound. The Weatern Festival was spread to make them take more attention to festival that can release them emotions, such as Valentines day, Mothers Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas day. Anxiously, along with the globalization development, some traditional festivals will be forgotten, and replaced by foreign festival. Globalization affects the movie Talking about movie, American film or Hollywood film is representative of the movie. Sometimes, Hollywood film leads to the world film. Action movie that have one or more heroes is thrust into a series of challenges that require physical feats, extended fights and frenetic chases is the most famous film types in the Hollywood. It attract to many people cause real behavior, great scene. In Inna Ignatovich (n.d.) opinion, Because of the economic domination of the U.S.A. in the world and serious political and economical problems in my country, the movie theaters in our cities are filled with Hollywood action movies. The low financing available to our movie directors doesnt give them the possibility of creating high quality art, so the movie theaters are swamped with low cost American films-violent action films. This type of dominance creates a negative effect on the young generation and can increase crime. In this situation, we see not just the spread of culture to another country, but also the spread of the problems of that culture. Action movie set up the peoples heroes, at the same time it also praised the violence. Globalization affects the health Topic Kelley (2004) adds that for high-income countries, the debate surrounding globalisation and health tends to focus on the perceived threat, from low- and middle-income countries, of acquiring certain acute and epidemic infections, such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, plague and, more recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). 6 Richer countries also fear the potential financial burden of unhealthy populations migrating from the developing world. Globalization is making the world people can go to the different countries to developed. Most people would like to stay at city or country that have more opportunity to work or have a higher salary. This phenomenon increase the country or city economy. At the same time, its also brings certain pressure for the environment of this area, and makes the environment has harm on peoples health. And then, Kelley (2004) mentions that, Cognitive changes brought about by advertising and marketing Western consumer goods have facilitated the global spread of so-called lifestyle diseases (eg, obesity) in certain populations within low- and middle-income countries. In especially, Frances growing fat problem cause fast food style. Fast food is features of American diet. Globalization make more and more fast-food brand spread around the world, such as McDonalds hamburgers and Coca-Cola. Fast food guide to fast lifestyle replace the French original strict diet culture. Sedentary lifestyles has been fashionable at urban. And then, people take many unhealthy food and do less sports than before, the fat problems has become more and more serious than before. According to the Michael, Stefan and Dana (2003) Traditional foods are being prepared from processed flour and other ingredients that yield more calories and less healthy roughage. conclude Conclusion Developing with globalization, different culture can spread around the world. Culture combine with local culture become a new culture, but it makes some small culture like language was disappeared. Following this further, how to reduce to loss of culture is big problem for the worlds people.

Literature as a Form of Art and Expression

Literature as a Form of Art and Expression INTRODUCTION The purpose of this essay is to examine literary creativity within the context that views all sides of the coin. This being said general and broad assumptions could be made about literary art and creative thought separately. These are concepts within society, which are explored, as it is human nature to understand human behaviour and the products of such behaviour. Literature and creativity are entirely in the eye of the beholder and subjective with in a set frame of reference. Unfortunately we live in a world where creativity and art are not always valuable strengths and commodities. Within the philosophical framework, people who are labelled artistically creative from the conservative viewpoint, they are not understood, often seen unstable and unproductive members of society. From this conservative viewpoint, creative people do not use the logical part of his or her brain and this leads to difficulty seeing the enlightened view where the self is valued as a freethinking body. There is flexibility for exploring one’s ideas and dreams. Artists have often been called dreamers. Artistic people live by a different credo, sometimes starving but always determined to stay true to his or her art form. Once again because society has difficulty valuing art and creativity; artists live with the conflict of expectation; what society expects and what the artist’s need to remain true. While the purpose of this paper is to examine the nature literary creativity for the sake of expression, it is also important to compare and contrast two English language texts to show how they are similar and different in terms of creativity. The two chosen works were: (1) Stevie Wonder’s Happy Birthday and (2) Robert K. Kennedy’s speech paying tribute to Martin Luther King Junior upon his assassination. With this in mind because of such a stark difference in content of the juxtaposition, it can also be argued that while both exhibit social identity to the time and a certain amount thoughtfulness with word selection and placement for creating moving pieces, one will stand alone as more literary and creative. Both are powerful in creating a vision and paying homage to a great American but Happy Birthday exhibits more creative traits than the speech. Still it should be mentioned that any rating of creativity is subjective and in the eye of the beholder and their distinct ive taste. For this purpose, Stevie Wonder’s Happy Birthday has more literary style, true to one’s idea toward poetry and expressionism. It fits the cultural norm more than a speech mainly because a speech is in the moment and while powerful, visionary can never recapture that moment in time the same way a song can. This brings up the notion of interpretation. Modern times ask for art, literary or otherwise to stand up to a test of many truths. It asks for man to apply the action of interpretation, analysis that in of it self has many drawbacks. Susan Sontag writes, â€Å"Interpretation is not (as most people assume) an absolute value, a gesture of mind situated in some timeless realm of capabilities. Interpretation must itself be evaluated, within a historical view of human consciousness.†[1] Still society’s view is slowly changing to include flexibility of multicultural understanding. Suddenly artists have a valued identity. Mark Freeman discusses the nature of understanding one’s muse with knowing one’s character with this quote: Rather than there simply existing those who paint or sculpt†¦alongside the other productive activities with human beings might become engaged, there arose ‘painters’ and ‘sculptors’, who came to define their very existence through their identities†¦Creative activities would be woven into the fabric of life itself. [2] The paragraphs below serve to define creativity within the frame of reference of modern times and the age of enlightenment lends to the self-actualising open-mindedness and freedom to embrace creative thought. With this in place, literary art and creativity can result and thrive within the model context. CREATIVITY At the bare bones level of literary creativity, one finds inspiration in words and sounds inherent in how at the fundamental level these connections offer a richness and duality of meaning. These meanings are enhanced by simple creative choices made by the writer or artist. It has been discussed how change is important and also memory, not only of a collective socio-cultural history and consciousness, but also of how the creative process is fostered at the root of words. This is Maybin’s inherency model where the key focus remains on words. This essay strives for deeper analysis at the socio-cultural level where history suggests impact and resonates across the many divisions found within the global multi-culture of modern times.[3] Numerous definitions of creativity are recorded in the literature. Creativity is often defined by use of synonyms. These include productive thinking, divergent thinking, originality, imagination, and lateral thinking. Because there is no generally accepted definition of creativity, it would be helpful to look at some definitions to date. Creativity is defined as â€Å"the association of thoughts, facts, ideas, etc. into a new and relevant configuration, one that has meaning beyond the sum of its parts—that provides a synergistic effect.†[4] Bennis and Beiderman define the creative process as â€Å"that mental process in which past experience is combined and recombined, frequently with some distortion, in such a fashion that one comes up with new patterns, new configurations, that better solve some need of mankind.†[5] Although this sampling of definitions reveals diverse elements found in creativity, these definitions do suggest some common thread found in creati ve thinking and that is, a new way of doing things. From this overview standpoint, one can define creativity as a process that solves a problem in a new and original way that is useful for those who value this process. It should be noted that the elements of uniqueness of solution and value of results are incorporated into the definition. Creativity experts feel that especially the American educational system should be teaching constructive, creative-thinking skills; focusing on â€Å"what can be.† It is the notion of possibility that remains to be seen. They believe what is needed is a whole change of attitude toward creativity in general. It is a matter of thinking differently and of seeing outside the box. For so long, there have been restrictions due to such philosophical concepts of what is. While art is subjective, this scares people because it evokes a feeling of uncertainty. Many find if something can be touched, seen and looks what they expect then it is acceptable. This concept does not allow for the realm of endless possibility. Still there has been a shift in thinking differently about â€Å"what is† because this can vary from person to person and culture to culture. The world is changing quickly because its borders are invisible, information flows freely. Therefore ideas are no longer linear but branch off with each new thought. It should also be noted that creativity is not limited to â€Å"the arts† as traditionalists may see it. No art can be found in mathematics, science and the simple act of washing dishes. This once again expresses the enlightened view that the self is aware and finds beauty in nature. Still this notion may bother many because they do not see the potential of art as a â€Å"what is† but as â€Å"it just is.† They are not able to see past the surface to the inner meaning or soul behind the expression. They may not even be aware of the act of expression and how creativity feeds into the energy of art. The limitless possibility of embracing creativity as a regular everyday process probably comes from the multiple definitions that creativity morphs into much like a prism seen in different degrees of light. From the literary works at hand written by Stevie Wonder and Robert F. Kennedy, it is the creativity energy of the time and its scope that not only define the levels of the works’ literary qualities but also the scope, the actual use of words to convey powerful messages. Carter’s work explains how most common people chose to see and understand literature when exposed to an artist’s process. Examples of such by the outsider can be seen as the following: â€Å"Unanswered questions, hesitations and false starts which characterise informal conversations†¦there is much divergence, disconnection and incoherence.†[6] CREATIVE ARTISTIC FLOW The artistic process relies upon creativity within this direct relationship. It has not helped that creative people have been invisible, living a lifestyle motivated by fulfilling the need for expression of the self. What makes creative people different from others is that they do not buy in into the typical means of motivation. Many different factors motivate people to behave the way they do. There are higher and lower order needs that balance out these acts of motivation. Lower order needs must be satisfied before the higher order needs can be addressed. This is within the conservative view loosing based on Maslow’s theory.[7] Lower order needs are such things as essential items needed for life like shelter, food and clothing. These needs do not recognise needs beyond the means of survival. The higher order needs are considered luxury needs but in the mind of the creative person, needs are of an eternal notion. They cannot see this need but it is engrained in the soul and mu st be addressed. Creative people have the ability to simply live for what they enjoy. The act of creativity involves a sense of adventure, a suspending disbelief to use one’s imagination for the purpose of seeing solutions. Brainstorming serves, as a method where ideas bubble over in every direction and no longer is the thought process linear but endless in possibility. In this respect anyone with an open mind can be creative as Csikszentmihalyi writes, â€Å"it seems strange that dancers, rock climbers, and composers all argue that their most enjoyable experiences resemble a process of discovery.†[8] The concept of enjoyment plays a huge factor in creativity because of a dual mechanism found within the human genes. This duality is inherent within humans to seek comfort with reference to more primitive times of flight or fight. There is the need to conserve energy written in the DNA. Understanding the concept of enjoyment ties in with this mechanism because people find different ways to relax and seek comfort in new experiences. The interesting element is people will allow for challenges as long as these events or flow experiences remain consistent regardless of activity.[9] Without enjoyment acting as a fulfilling element, creativity would just be another job without the thrill. It would be mundane. Without creativity and people â€Å"discovering new ways of being and doing, there is no evolution of culture, no progress in thought or feeling.†[10] Unfortunately the conservative view has a difficult time accepting an illogical response as a purpose or goal in life. The emotion involved in creating art seems foreign to them mainly because they have a difficult time seeing beyond the physical properties of the artwork. Carey surmises the above quandary with the following, Equally you might say that the question ‘What is a work of art?’ could not have been asked before the late 18th century because until then no works of art existed. I do not mean that objects we now regard as works of art did not exist before that date†¦Of course they did†¦Most pre-industrial societies did not even have a word for art as an independent concept. [11] The concept of literary art and therefore, creativity is a completely modern ideology. Art existed and was important but the level of understanding did not extend that far within society. It may be a fair assumption that modern influences like war, industrialization or advent of technologies, changing familial lifestyles have all changes the concept of art. As a result of the pressures modern times present people seek comfort in forms of art like literature, film, theatre, and museums. For those expressing themselves creatively, this is also a time of utilizing these influences intertextually within his or her mediums. As a result you see common themes and subject matter as well as reinventing the same idea over and over. At times the conservative view will see literature and art as shocking but really it is just evolving with the times and artists are seeking to push the envelope to noticed for hard work. Carey furthers the argument of subjectivity by writing, â€Å"When we say a t hing is beautiful for us. It is of personal taste.†[12] In today’s world personal taste could mean anything to anyone and change depending on the moment. This concept of personal taste must remain open and flexible to influencing outside forces in order to reflect an evolving multicultural environment. Overall, creativity experts call for a change in attitude toward creativity if people are going to reap the benefits from available global markets, available capital, personnel effectiveness, and business competence. Success in global markets is going to need a baseline of competence on which to build. This is related to the development of new ideas and concepts that emanates from serious creative thinking. As noted above, the concept of negativity, which can be interpreted as conservatism and complacency, is the biggest enemy of creativity. To think that an educator is doing well or is creative enough is fatal in the long run. One must constantly push the envelope and stand one step ahead of the game. ANALYSIS OF LITERARY WORKS It has been explored that literary creativity remains in the mind of the reader and his or her subjective personal taste. One can attribute certain literary traits to creative works as quantifiable measures toward discussion of what makes one work more literary and creative than another. If one defines such actions by words and sounds, using more of a Maybin framework where choice and placement of words comes into play. It is how these words form the content, the hidden power and meaning behind the action in the first place that remains at defining literary concepts. While each literary work analysed for this essay; Steve Wonder’s Happy Birthday and Robert F. Kennedy’s Martin Luther King Junior Speech have qualities that standout as literary and hold one’s inspiration; it is Stevie Wonder’s Happy Birthday that remains literally true to the literary form of poetry. His song is modern day poetry with its words and sounds forming a tribute and vision. It is not to say that Robert F. Kennedy’s speech written on the day of Martin Luther King Junior’s assassination is not literature or powerful in nature. It is meant to stir a nation’s consciousness. It does hold power over the American thought process and still remains and important document as an example of America’s turbulent 1960s. This document served to continue a process toward equality for all men and women and remains a pinnacle defining moment in history. Still it is the actual format of a speech that throws people off of it being a piece of literature. Most people would not consider a speech as literature but more of a document, an embodiment of that moment in time. It is in a sense non-fiction, rich in historical content. It displays tools of literary honing. The speech is stoic, powerfully written, simply written without much use of imagery or symbolism. It is very much unlike the works of Martin Luther King Junior and in fact on the other end of spectrum. Robert F. Kennedy’s speech was meant to capture a nation in mourning, not only for the man but also for his dream. What it does do effectively is paint a picture of the existing colour divisions still found in American culture today. Robert F. Kennedy uses a literary device of superimposing an actual piece of classical literature within the body of his speech. What this does is bring light to the fact that a classical poem still has the power to resonate feeling despite being centuries old. The poem’s meaning can still provoke thoughts and offer comfort. The Aeschylus poem allows for a broader scope to the present moment, which will later be an historical turning point for the Civil Rights Movement. It adds depth to a speech that seems solemn and one-dimensional, somewhat lacking inspiration until that point. Kennedy’s speech does not rely upon other literary devices but uses simple words, reflecting the moment precisely. Use of the Aeschylus poem allows the American consciousness even today to see how humanity remains unchanged even during times of great uncertainty. It documents accurately the idea of man’s resistance to change. This literary device is clever and serves to strengthen this underlying feeling of loss and uncertainty. The speech seeps into the backbone of society morals and values but it does not create a piece of literature, not in tone or based upon other literary traits. The speech is more of a commentary, a snippet into a sad period for the American people. Still what the speech does do effectively is allow Robert F. Kennedy to lead the people in feeling sad and hope at the same time. It brings him down off of the pedestal many politicians reside upon and allows him to be among the people. This reflects his inherent qualities as a leader and is what would have made him an excellent president. What really remains effective for both pieces is how they each capture a sense of history without truly making it obvious. Both pieces pay homage to a man who sought a dream for all people. Though the homage is clear so is the essence of the times or the interpretation of what the Civil Rights Movement represented. What makes this notion more pertinent is the fact that Stevie Wonder’s Happy Birthday was written in 1980, long after the Civil Rights Movement ended. It is still ingrained in the American collective culture. Both works take into account the impact this period had, not only the man but also on further reaching social issues on how his dream meant change. Stevie Wonder’s Happy Birthday is a more literary work because it is written an acceptable form of expression for the modern audience. The song allows people to relate with the words because the form is identifiable by most people. Music represents soul, celebration and a pulse of the people just found inherently within its composition. Songs are something people understand and will listen to over and over. The literary creativity of this song gets down to the bare bones of words and how words work together to create a vision, a feeling. Words work to reflect tone, imagery and hope. The song remains a living celebration of Martin Luther King Junior’s work, dream and life but also as a reminder of how far humanity has come in a few short years. The very fact that Stevie Wonder is a black man and has the right for expression in a public arena is proof enough and very telling. Still it reflects a certain amount of sadness over the fact that this song is just now being writ ten, that society still has colour divide. Stevie Wonder writes as the last verse of the song: In full remembrance Of those who lived and died for the oneness of all people.[13] This should be more of a question because even today even almost thirty years later there is not oneness within American culture. This speaks of the work yet to be done and is mirrored by his word choices. How the words flow together create an impact for the song and the listener. On the backbone of celebration, there is even disbelief that a song for Martin Luther King Junior has not been written before. Stevie Wonder believes it should not even be a big deal but still this remains a reflection of the value system still inherent in American culture. With lines 1-4, he writes, You know it doesn’t make much sense There ought to be a law against Anyone who takes offense At a day in your celebration[14] What is most eloquent here is the use of rhyme that is set up as discrete and not so obvious but also the nature of musical expression. This device continues toward a more literary tactic to set up this work as more creative than the speech. It is the lyrical nature of music that allows imagery to be embedded in a way that multidimensional meanings appear. The song’s meaning may be different each time for the same person but definitely different for each individual. The fact that the song can be heard again and again continues this impact upon society. It resonates still today the dream but also carries into how the dream continues to change the minds of many through such literary works. CONCLUSION In closing the above paragraphs have explored the concept that literary art and creativity as artistic are in a direct relationship when it comes to their roles in society as a means of expression. The notion of literature and art is a modern invention born out of the human necessity to find comfort in his or her surroundings. The means of expression vary greatly but also act as a means of self-discovery for those who experience creative flow. One does not have to be an artist in the traditional sense of the word to experience this action but only open to creativity as a valid behaviour. This shift toward acceptance of creativity is borne out of an evolving cultural need that must be reflective of multiple view and cultures. Still there is resistance to change and many people still see artistic and literary creativity as illogical and emotional. The conservative view offers a rather flat and grey vision of literary art and creativity, not seeing the full potential for self-exploratio n. END NOTES Bennis, W Biederman, P (1997) Organizing Genius: The Secrets of Creative Collaboration Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA Carey, J (2005) What Good Are The Arts? Faber and Faber, London Carter, R (2004) Language and Creativity: The Art of Common Talk Routledge, London Csikszentmihalyi, M (Unknown?) Creativity: Flow and Psychology of Discovery and Invention Harper Perennial, Macquarie University Library. Freeman, M (1993) Finding The Muse: A Sociopsychological Inquiry into the Conditions of Artistic Creativity Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK Goodman, S O’Halloran, K (Eds.) (2006) The Art of English: Literary Creativity, Palgrave MacMillan, The Open University. Kennedy, RF (1968) Robert F Kennedy on the Death of Martin Luther King, speech, Indianapolis viewed 5 September 2008 http://www.historyplace.com/speeches.rfk.htm Maybin, J (2006) Writing the self in J. Maybin and J. Swann (eds) The Art of English: Everyday Creativity The Open University, Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan, p. 261-311 Maybin, J (2006) Locating creativity in texts and practices in J. Maybin and J. Swann (eds) The Art of English: Everyday Creativity Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan/The Open University, p. 413-455 Mish, F (Ed.) (2004) Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, Springfield, MA Robbins, S (2001) Organizational Behavior Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ Sontag, S (1964) Against Interpretation Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, New York Swann, J (2006) The art of the everyday in J. Maybin and J. Swann (eds) The Art of English: Everyday Creativity Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan/The Open University, p. 3-53 Wonder, S (1980) Happy Birthday on Hotter Than July Motown, Detroit. 1 Footnotes [1] Sontag, S (1964) p. 3 [2] Freeman, M (1993) p. 37 [3] Maybin, J (2006) p. 415 [4] Mish, F (2004) p. 293 [5] Bennis, W Biederman, P (1997) p. 15 [6] Carter, R (2004) p. 101 [7] Robbins, S (2001) p. 156 [8] Csikszentmihalyi, M (Unknown) p. 108 [9] Csikszentmihalyi, M (ibid) p. 110 [10] Csikszentmihalyi, M (ibid) p. 110 [11] Carey, J (2005) p. 7 [12] Carey, J (ibid) p. 9 [13] Wonder, S (1980) lines 33-35 [14] Wonder, S (ibid) line 1-4

Redemption in Alice Walkers Color Purple Essay -- Color Purple Essays

Redemption in The Color Purple  Ã‚   Alice Walker grew up in rural Georgia in the mid 1900s as the daughter of two poor sharecroppers.   Throughout her life, she has been forced to face and overcome arduous lessons of life.   Once she managed to transfer the struggles of her life into a book, she instantaneously became a world-renowned author and Pulitzer Prize winner.   The Color Purple is a riveting novel about the struggle between redemption and revenge according to Dinitia Smith.   The novel takes place rural Georgia, starting in the early 1900s over a period of 30 years.   Albert, also known as Mr._____, and his son Harpo must prevail over their evil acts towards other people, especially women.   Albert and Harpo wrong many people throughout their lives.   To be redeemed, they must first learn to love others, then reflect upon their mistakes, and finally become courageous enough to take responsibility for their actions.   In The Color Purple, Alice Walker effectively develops Albert and Harpo throug h redemption using love, reflection, and responsibility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through the course of the novel, Albert is an appalling husband, father, and person.   He treats his wife, Celie as if she is his slave from the beginning of their arranged marriage; he expects her to cook three meals a day, and take care of his many children from his previous marriage.   Albert does not begin to realize the pain he is causing, or at least try to make himself change until Celie leaves him.   â€Å"You a lowdown dog is what’s wrong, I say.   It’s time to leave you and enter into the Creation.   And your dead body is just the welcome mat I need†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚   (Walker 207).   It took words as powerful as these for him to become aware of the fact that he did not love or resp... ...).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Color Purple, Alice Walker efficiently develops Albert and Harpo through three key aspects of redemption:   love, responsibility, and reflection.   Albert and Harpo are both practically forced to recognize how they were treating people; Albert with Celie’s speech, and Harpo with the way Sofia beat him up.   Next, the two reflect on their errors in life.   How they both mistreated their wives, and suppressed them.   Then they gain the bravery to apologize to the people they realized that they really do love, and be forgiven (Walker 231).   Albert and Harpo learn a valuable lesson throughout the years; one they will surely never forget.   Alice Walker proficiently shows the development of two new people, through redemption using love, reflection, and responsibility.   Works Cited: Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. 1982. New York: Pocket, 1985.

A Critical Analysis Of William :: essays research papers

In order for a poem to be classified as a sonnet, it must meet certain structural requirements, and Sonnet 138, “When my love swears that she is made of truth,'; is a perfect example. Shakespeare employs the traditional rhyme scheme of the English sonnet, the poem is made up of three quatrains and a rhyming couplet, and iambic pentameter is the predominant meter. However, it would be an error to approach this poem as a traditional Shakespearean love sonnet. It is a ‘love’ poem in the sense that a relationship between two lovers is the central theme, but the reader is offered a somewhat unexpected viewpoint. The stylistic constraints of the sonnet form are extremely advantageous here, for they serve as a backdrop against which the poem’s content can be dramatically highlighted, as well as reinforcing the eventual impression that the poem describes an emotionally constraining relationship. In this essay I will investigate the tools with which Shakespeare constru cts this unconventional love poem. The sonnet has a definite sense of strophic development, and the frequent ‘twists’ in the narration necessitate a close examination of this. The sonnet begins with a “When'; clause, launching the reader on a sentence of indeterminate length and subsequently leaving us with expectation, in suspense, at the end of the line. The woman is emphatic: she does not merely tell the truth, she is made of truth. Both the nature of this truth, and the reason for her swearing it, are unknown to the reader. The immediate thought is that the speaker has challenged her in some way, and whether or not this is correct, it is certainly an unconventional way to begin a love poem. The second line, “I do believe her, though I know she lies,'; introduces the reader to the wry humour that is an important feature of this sonnet. The humour is produced by the comic contradiction between outward behaviour (since the speaker’s belief in her words is a reaction to her speech and thus a social act) and inward: his knowledge that she is lying. The narrator’s calm tone evokes confusion: he is not angry with the woman, nor does he seem at all embarrassed to make such an illogical statement. The fact that he states “I do believe her,'; rather than simply “I believe her,'; combined with the caesura that follows this statement, serves to reinforce his belief in the eyes of the reader, though his reasons for this are as yet unclear.

Club Owners Must Not Allow Underage Drinking Essay -- Argumentative Es

Prohibiting nightclubs from admitting people under age twenty-one will take some weight off of parents, club owners, drivers and innocent bystanders. With the economy sinking, many owners are making what they believe a wise financial decision by allowing eighteen to twenty year olds in their clubs. They are mixing eighteen to twenty in with the twenty-one and up crowd, as failing clubs owners only see more people more money. Every night thousands of young adults eighteen to twenty years old are let into nightclubs and everyone is at a great risk. Fewer and fewer clubs are now allowing those under the drinking age into their establishment. To eliminate a cause leading to more underage drinking, young adults eighteen to twenty should not be allowed into nightclubs serving alcohol. Throughout the course of this essay, I intend to prove that banning those under the legal drinking age from nightclubs serving alcohol not only benefits the community as a whole, but it helps each under age d rinker as well. It is often argued that young adults eighteen to twenty are financial savors to club owners. Patron’s eighteen to twenty are considered adults; therefore they are responsible enough to be allowed in clubs serving alcohol, bringing more money into the club every night. This argument does not address the fact that when people under the legal drinking age are in an environment where they have access to alcohol one of them will drink. They will become irresponsible due to the amount consumed. The club owners will then be fined, as well as their liquor license. Young adults, eighteen to twenty, are not nightclubs financial savors, under the influence they cost more money then made. Nightclubs are trying to keep their doors open and popula... ...ablishment. Owners will not have to worry about losing money, liquor license, or part of the twenty-one and up crowd. Allowing people under the drinking age limit into a club serving alcohol can result in death, rape, fights, and car accidents. Although, many club owners are worried about losing revenue they should consider the cost of just one teen caught drinking in their club. Denying entry to anyone under the age twenty one into a club not only benefit the twenty one and up crowd but also club owners, parents, and teens themselves. Works Cited "Alcohol and Development in Youth-A Multidisciplinary Overview." Alcohol Research and Health 28.3 (2005): 111-20. ProQuest. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. Wagenaar, Alexander C., et al. "Sources of alcohol for underage drinkers." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 57.3 (1996): 325. Academic OneFile. Web. 10 Mar. 2011

Albedo in urban and rural temperature settings

Albedo can be defined as the ratio of the amount of light that a ceratin body reflects and the amount that it absorbs (Encarta, 2008). For example, a body that rates an albedo of 0. 3 can be construed to reflect back 30 percent of the light that falls on it, while absorbing the other 70 percent of the light (Encarta, 2008). The term albedo is derived from the Latin term â€Å"albus†, or simply â€Å"white† (Dagmar Budikova, 2008).When the object hit with the sun reflects back most of the sunlight, it is said to have a high albedo ratio (National Science Foundation, 2006). If the surface that is it by the sunlight abosrbs or takes in most of the light, it is said to have a low albedo (Science, 2006). Urban settings usually have low albedo since most of the light is absorbed by the alterations made by man of the natural landscape (Christopher Small). In rural settings, the presence of abundant vegetation (Small).The plant life absorbs most of the sun's light to start the process of photosynthesis necessary for the propagation of plants (Small). This cannot be wholly said for the urban setting, as the plant cover in the urban areas is small compared to the rural environment (Small). But the presence of plant life in the urban setting does have an impact on the air quality and the health of those living in the urban areas (Christopher Small & Roberta Balstad Miller).It is assumed therefore that a host of physical characteristics determine the albedo of a certain body (Encarta, 2008). The moon, for example, has a low albedo rating because of its rough terrain, taking in most of the sunlight that hit it (Encarta, 2008). Venus, on the other hand, reflects back a high degree of the sunlight that it take in, thus could be said to possess a high albedo rating (Encarta, 2008). As stated earlier, the presence of plant life in an urban setting does affect the albedo rating of the area (Small & Miller).In the New York City area, for example, there is a mix of l ow and albedo ratings (Small & Miller). This is due to the presence of trees in the area that are conducive to the build-up of dust and ozone in the specific location (Small & Miller). Research at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) found out the the asphalt used in smoothing out parking lots and roads, and dark-colored shingles and concrete had a high absorption capacity of sunlight than the rural areas surrounding the urban areas (Krishna Ramanujan, 2007).This would result in a higher temperature in the cities (Ramanujan, 2007). References Budikova, D. (2008). Albedo. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www. eoearth. org/article/Albedo Miller, R. B. , Small, C. (n. d. ). Spatiotemporal monitoring of urban vegetation. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www. ldeo. columbia. edu/~small/PDF/ISRSE_SmallMiller. pdf. MSN Encarta. (2008). Albedo. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761587643/Albedo. htmlNational Scienc e Foundation. (2006). Albedo. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www. arcticice. org/albedo. htm Ramanujan, K. (2007). Scientists take big steps to measure sunlight reflected by Earth. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www. nasa. gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/albedo. html Small, C. (n. d. ). Global analysis of urban population distributions and the physical environment. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www. ldeo. columbia. edu/~small/Urban/SmallUrbEnv2001. pdf.

The Four Basic Food Molecules

A molecule is a group of atoms bonded together that represent the smallest unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction. (http://www. dictionary. com) In kitchen chemistry today, there are many types of food molecules such as minerals, vitamins, fiber, and water. But there are four molecules that people refer to as food, also known as the four basic food molecules, which can be used to produce energy which are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and alcohol which is not considered a basic nutritional component of food.Protein is a compound that’s made up of amino acids that are joined by peptide bonds. It is considered the most important molecule which can come in two forms, complete proteins and incomplete proteins. A complete protein includes all of the amino acids that we humans can’t produce ourselves. An incomplete protein only includes small proportion of one or more amino acid.Our bodies can make use all of the amino acids we obtain from foo d for synthesizing new proteins, but the inessential ones don’t need to be supplied because our cells can make them. They play a big role to the structure and function of all living cells and viruses. Many proteins are enzymes or subunits of enzymes. They are very important in our food and our body. One major reason is because they form struts and joints of our skeleton or cytoskeleton. Although many people don’t think proteins are useful and effective they are.A lack of proteins can result in having symptoms such as fatigue which is tiredness and mental exertion, insulin resistance which is a physiological condition where your cells don’t respond to the normal actions of the hormone insulin, hair loss, loss of hair pigment which your hair that should be black becomes reddish black, loss of muscle mass where your proteins repair muscle tissue, low body temperature, hormonal irregularities or even death from not having enough proteins.But be careful not to overdo it on proteins because even though you think having more proteins than usual is good it’s not. Too much protein can cause problems like causing the immune system to overreact, liver dysfunction from toxic residues, and bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood. So All in all, get the right amount of proteins in your body to keep it healthy. Second, is a lipid which is also known as fats. They are a big group of organic compounds that are related by their solubility in nonpolar organic solvents.  (http://www. chemistry. msu. edu).All fats are insoluble in water which means they can’t be dissolved and they have a density meaning most fats float on water. Most fats are mostly made up from triglycerides, and very little monoglycerides and triglycerides are mixed in. Products that have a lot of saturated fats are usually solid at room temperature and the products that have unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature. Saturated fats include all animal fats like milk fat, coconut oil, cocoa fat, and vegetable oil.Both vegetable and animal fats contain saturated and unsaturated fats while some oils contain fats that have a one double bonded carbon in the molecule which is also known as a monounsaturated fats while other fats have a high percentage of polyunsaturated fats which are fats that have more than one double bonded carbon in the molecule. Next we have Carbs which is the next most important molecule in your body because it is the main source of energy. Carbs are polyhydroxy aldehydes, keytones, or compounds that can be hydrolyzed to form compounds.There are two major kinds of carbohydrates; polysaccharides and monosaccharides. A Polysaccharide is a carbohydrate is molecules that consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together whereas a monosaccharide is any sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed. Carbs that are composed of monosaccharide’s break down under hydrolysis which can also be classified under disaccharides, oligosacch arides, or polysaccharides, depending on how many monosaccharide units are present. Carbs can also be called simple or complex carbohydrates but this depends on their chemical structure.Simple carbohydrates only include sugars that are found in foods like fruits, vegetables, milk, and milk products. They also include sugars that are added during food processing and refining. Complex carbohydrates include whole grain breads and cereals, and starchy vegetables such as green beans, broccoli, peppers, cucumbers, carrots, mushrooms, or celery which are also good sources of fiber. Last, we have vitamins. These are organic compounds that are essential in our diet. They fall into two categories and those categories are fat soluble and water soluble.The fat-soluble vitamins, Vitamins A, D, E, & K all dissolve in fat and can be stored in your body. The water soluble vitamins which are vitamin B & C need to be dissolved in water before your body can absorb them. Because of this, people’ s bodies can't store these vitamins and any B or C vitamin that your body doesn't is lost. So it is highly recommended that you have these vitamins every day. Vitamins help the immune system work; support normal growth and development, and help cells and organs do their jobs. Not enough vitamins can damage your body and cause serious problems.For example lack of Vitamin D can soften bones which can cause a person to become bow legged or maybe cause your bones to break easier, Pellagra which is a disease caused by a lack of niacin, or different types of anemia such as folate deficiency anemia, Vitamin B-12 deficiency anemia, and Vitamin C deficiency anemia. (http://www. mayoclinic. com). So Vitamins is another very important food molecule needed for your body to keep it maintained and healthy. To sum it all up, Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and vitamins are all essential to our diet and our body. They keep our body functioning, healthy, and able to live our everyday lives.

True Purpose of Art in Podg

The True Purpose of Art Oscar Wilde was a very shrewd intellectual who through the teachings of Walter Pater and John Ruskin became a strong supporter of the aesthetics movement. This movement was one which wanted to shy society away from the fact that art had a purpose. They wanted simply to have art for art’s sake. In essence what this means is that art’s only true purpose is beauty and there are no underlying symbols, meanings, or derivations of art it is simply art.Oscar Wilde attempts to promote his beliefs about aestheticism in the book â€Å"Picture of Dorian Gray† through his use the character Basil Hallward, the picture of Dorian Gray, and the relationship between Lord Henry and Dorian Gray. Oscar Wilde uses Basil Hallward , specifically his perception of a perfect artist to support his argument that the purpose of art is to be beautiful. From the beginning of the book we can see that Basil has a strong tie to his artwork.In the first chapter when he goe s to visit Lord Henry and shows him the portrait of Dorian he tells Lord Henry that he will not exhibit his work because there is too much of the artist in the painting. This scenario leads Dorian to explain to Lord Henry what the an artist’s role truly is â€Å"An artist should create beautiful things, but should put nothing of his own life into them. We live in an age when men treat art as if it were meant to be a form of autobiography. We have lost the abstract sense of beauty. Someday I will show the world what it is; and for that reason the world shall never see my portrait of Dorian Gray. (30) What basil is saying in this quote is that society has lost the true essence of art and that the true purpose of an artist is to create something of beauty. That is why he will not show his portrait of Dorian to the world because he feels as if the portrait is not just beautiful it has a deeper meaning which relays not only beauty but some deeper emotion. Also the simple sentence structure in this quote also helps relay the fact that an artist’s job is to do the most basic job create something beautiful without it being complex. Wilde also explicitly uses the preface to help support promote the idea that art’s true goal is beauty.He does so by using a very bold quote â€Å"All art is quite useless†. What Oscar Wilde meant by this quote was that art is useless because it attempts to portray an emotion. It does not instruct or command but instead it just sits there waiting to illicit a temporary response from the viewer. In doing so art becomes a sort of temporary tattoo. In that it is short lived and even though it may be beautiful it will eventually be lost in the haze. Now by using the picture of Dorian Gray, Wilde attempts to show us what happens when art is given a purpose.In Chapter 7 Dorian first comes to realize that the portrait is aging while he does not and his response is â€Å"He had uttered a mad wish that he himself might remain young and the portrait grow old; that his own beauty might be untarnished, and the face on the canvas bear the burden of his passions and his sins; that the painted image might be seared with the lines of suffering and thought, and that he might keep all the delicate bloom and loveliness of his then just conscious boyhood. Surely his wish had not been fulfilled? Such things were impossible. It seemed monstrous even to think of them.And yet there was the picture before him, with the touch of cruelty in the mouth†(144). This quote proves that in fact the painting did have a purpose. That purpose being to show the dark change in Dorian as he ages. But why would Wilde go against his own beliefs? He did so to prove a point and that point being that only wrong can come from giving art purpose. The portrait ends up causing the death of Dorian and Basil , the original artist. As Dorian commits more and more sins the picture becomes more and more grotesque until finally it is so hideous that even Dorian cannot stand the sight of the picture.In the beginning of the book however Dorian adored the portrait. This goes to show that when art is given a purpose the art becomes ugly. This is Oscar Wilde’s view means that it is no longer art because the primary function of art is to be beautiful. So if an art is considered ugly than It is no longer art. So therefore whenever art is given a purpose that piece of art is then no longer considered art. Another way Wilde attempts to establish his views on the role of art and the artist is through the relationship between Lord Henry and Dorian Gray.In their relationship Lord Henry is the sculptor and Dorian is his piece of art. After his discussion with his uncle Lord Henry makes it his goal to influence Dorian in his own manner. But similarly with Basil and his portrait this piece of art also has a purpose and the purpose was to change the identity of the art work in order to satisfy Lord Henry’s pleasure of tainting another into his thought process. As you can well imagine this led the art to turn â€Å"ugly†. Ugly in the sense that Dorian became corrupted and evil.He committed the worst of sins and in the beginning what started off as the purest form of art became the most vile piece of art. So again when the purpose shifted from being beautiful to having a different purpose the art , or Dorian, becomes ugly and it is no longer in fact art. This is just another example which supports the fact that art can only be art if its purpose it to be beautiful. A recurring theme in this novel was the purpose of art and Oscar Wilde gives his opinion on this matter through the character Basil Hallward, the picture of Dorian Gray, and the relationship between Lord Henry and Dorian.Oscar Wilde understands the value of art and he believes that art is in fact only art when it has no other purpose but to be beautiful. He believes that when a piece of art is given purpose it corrupts the art and it can turn the artwork into some disfigured picture of reality. Oscar Wilde believes that today people have attempted to expand the boundaries of art and he believes that in doing so people lost the beauty in art. He says that art is only meant to inspire and if any other emotions or thoughts arise then that art is ultimately useless.